FoxO3 Regulates Mouse Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate and Bone-Fat Balance During Skeletal Aging.

Age-related osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Forkhead box O 3 (FoxO3) transcription factor is involved in lifespan and cell differentiation. In this study, we explore whether FoxO3 regulates age-related bone loss and marrow fat accumulation. The expression levels of FoxO3 in BMSCs during aging were detected in vivo and in vitro. To explore the role of FoxO3 in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, primary BMSCs were isolated from young and aged mice. FoxO3 expression was modulated by adenoviral vector transfection. The role of FoxO3 in bone-fat balance was evaluated by alizarin red S staining, oil red O staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and histological analysis. Age-related bone loss and fat deposit are associated with downregulation of FoxO3. Overexpression of FoxO3 alleviated age-related bone loss and marrow fat accumulation in aged mice. Mechanistically, FoxO3 reduced adipogenesis and enhanced osteogenesis of BMSCs via downregulation of PPAR-γ and Notch signaling, respectively. In conclusion, FoxO3 is an essential factor controlling the fate of BMSCs and is a potential target for the prevention of age-related osteoporosis.

Prognostic role of cyclin D2/D3 in multiple human malignant neoplasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cyclin D2/D3 (CCND2/3) are core components of the machinery that drives cell cycle progression and therefore, are associated with tumorigenesis. Currently, there are contradictory evidences on the function of CCND2/3 in tumorigenesis. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to derive a precise predictive value of CCND2/3 in various tumors. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science for eligible studies up to October 8, 2018. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of OS or DFS/PFS/RFS were calculated using Forest plot analysis to demonstrate their associations. A total of 14 studies were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. Our results indicated CCND2/3 played an oncogenic role in all of the cancer patients (CCND2: pooled HR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67-2.93; CCND3: pooled HR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.05-5.03). In tumor subgroup, CCND2 was associated with shorter OS in patients with gastric cancer (HR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.66-2.92), whereas it might be a tumor suppressor in NSCLC (HR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12-0.64). In addition, CCND3 was correlated to reduced OS in breast cancer patients (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07-2.52) and shorter DFS/PFS/RFS in bladder cancer patients (HR = 4.60, 95% CI: 1.89-12.57). Taken together, CCND2/3 could be the promising biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of patients with malignant neoplasms.

Pharmacoeconomics of parenteral nutrition in surgical and critically ill patients receiving structured triglycerides in China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A prior meta-analysis showed favorable metabolic effects of structured triglyceride (STG) lipid emulsions in surgical and critically ill patients compared with mixed medium-chain/long-chain triglycerides (MCT/LCT) emulsions. Limited data on clinical outcomes precluded pharmacoeconomic analysis. We performed an updated meta-analysis and developed a cost model to compare overall costs for STGs vs MCT/LCTs in Chinese hospitals. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We searched Medline, Embase, Wanfang Data, the China Hospital Knowledge Database, and Google Scholar for clinical trials comparing STGs to mixed MCT/LCTs in surgical or critically ill adults published between October 10, 2013 and September 19, 2015. Newly identified studies were pooled with the prior studies and an updated meta-analysis was performed. A deterministic simulation model was used to compare the effects of STGs and mixed MCT/LCT's on Chinese hospital costs. RESULTS: The literature search identified six new trials, resulting in a total of 27 studies in the updated meta-analysis. Statistically significant differences favoring STGs were observed for cumulative nitrogen balance, pre- albumin and albumin concentrations, plasma triglycerides, and liver enzymes. STGs were also associated with a significant reduction in the length of hospital stay (mean difference, -1.45 days; 95% confidence interval, -2.48 to -0.43; p=0.005) versus mixed MCT/LCTs. Cost analysis demonstrated a net cost benefit of ¥675 compared with mixed MCT/LCTs. CONCLUSIONS: STGs are associated with improvements in metabolic function and reduced length of hospitalization in surgical and critically ill patients compared with mixed MCT/LCT emulsions. Cost analysis using data from Chinese hospitals showed a corresponding cost benefit.

Structured triglycerides versus physical mixtures of medium- and long-chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition in surgical or critically ill adult patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: New generations of parenteral lipid emulsions combine Long Chain Triglycerides (LCTs) with Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) either by physically mixing MCT- and LCT-containing oils or by using synthetically structured triglycerides (STGs). In order to clarify some open issues relating to their comparative effect, in particular in terms of clinical outcomes, pertinent evidence was systematically identified, reviewed and meta-analyzed. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Wanfang Data, China Hospital Knowledge Database and Google Scholar were searched for published clinical trials comparing STGs vs. MCTs/LCTs PN regimens administered over 5-7 days in surgical and/or critically ill patients. Two independent investigators performed screening and data extraction using a predefined list of parameters. Data were pooled using RevMan® 5.2. Quality of evidence was assessed according to Cochrane's risk of bias tool. Pre-specified high quality (HQ), incremental analyses and a post hoc subgroup analysis were performed. RESULTS: 21 studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significantly better cumulative nitrogen balance (Std. mean difference [95% CI]) (1.34 [0.98-1.7], p < 0.00001), as well as higher values for pre-albumin (24.99 mg/L [6.71-43.27], p < 0.000001), and albumin (1.22 g/L [0.66-1.77] p < 0.0001), while plasma triglycerides were significantly lower (-0.28 mmol/L [-0.41 to -0.15], p < 0.0001) in the STG vs. MCT/LCT group. ALT, AST, and GGT were significantly lower with STGs than with MCTs/LCTs, while for total bilirubin and ALP only a trend was observed. STGs were also associated with a trend to a shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) (-1.74 days [-3.49 to 0.01] p = 0.05). Quality of evidence was affected by an unclear risk of selection bias, mostly due to the lack of detailed reporting (random sequence generation, allocation concealment). For the other domains, most of the weighted information was judged at low risk of bias. HQ estimated effects, incremental and subgroup analyses were consistent with the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In postsurgical and/or critically ill patients, the administration of STGs vs. MCT/LCTs was significantly associated with improved protein economy, better liver tolerance and a more efficient triglyceride elimination. With regard to clinical outcomes a strong trend towards reduced LOS was observed for STG patients.

Mitofusin-2 prevents skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.

Cancer cachexia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite extensive research and clinical trials. The prominent clinical feature of cancer cachexia is the continuous loss of skeletal muscle that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support, and that leads to progressive functional impairment. The mechanism underlying muscle loss in patients with cachexia is poorly understood. The present study analyzed 21 cancer patients with or without cachexia, and demonstrated that mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) was downregulated in the rectus abdominis of patients with cachexia, which was associated with body weight loss. In vitro cell experiments indicated that loss of Mfn2 was associated with atrophy of the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. Furthermore, in vivo animal experiments demonstrated that cachexia decreased gastrocnemius muscle mass and Mfn2 expression, and overexpression of Mfn2 in gastrocnemius muscle was able to partially attenuate cachexia-induced gastrocnemius muscle loss. The results of the present study suggested that Mfn2 is involved in cachexia-induced muscle loss and may serve as a potential target for therapy of cachexia.

High-fat enteral nutrition reduces intestinal mucosal barrier damage after peritoneal air exposure.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal air exposure is needed in open abdominal surgery, but long-time exposure could induce intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction followed by many postoperative complications. High-fat enteral nutrition can ameliorate intestinal injury and improve intestinal function in many gastrointestinal diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of high-fat enteral nutrition on intestinal mucosal barrier after peritoneal air exposure and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Male adult rats were administrated saline, low-fat or high-fat enteral nutrition via gavage before and after peritoneal air exposure for 3 h. Rats undergoing anesthesia without laparotomy received saline as control. Twenty four hours after surgery, samples were collected to assess intestinal mucosal barrier changes in serum D-lactate levels, intestinal permeability, intestinal tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin levels, and intestinal histopathology. The levels of malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase in the ileum tissue were also measured to assess the status of intestinal oxidative stress. RESULTS: High-fat enteral nutrition significantly decreased the serum D-lactate level and increased the intestinal tight junction protein ZO-1 level when compared to the group treated with low-fat enteral nutrition (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, histopathologic findings showed that the intestinal mucosal injury assessed by the Chiu's score and the intestinal epithelial tight junction were also improved much more in the high-fat enteral nutrition-treated group (P < 0.05). In addition, the intestinal malondialdehyde level was lower, and the intestinal superoxide dismutase activity was higher in the high-fat enteral nutrition-treated group than that in the low-fat enteral nutrition-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that high-fat enteral nutrition could reduce intestinal mucosal barrier damage after peritoneal air exposure, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with its antioxidative action. Perioperative administration of high-fat enteral nutrition may be a promising intervention to preserve intestinal mucosal barrier function in open abdominal surgery.

High-fat enteral nutrition controls intestinal inflammation and improves intestinal motility after peritoneal air exposure.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal air exposure is a common phenomenon in abdominal surgery, but long-term exposure could induce intestinal inflammatory responses, resulting in delayed recovery of gastrointestinal motility after surgery. High-fat enteral nutrition has been reported to ameliorate inflammation in many diseases. In the present study, we investigated whether high-fat enteral nutrition could control intestinal inflammation and improve intestinal motility after peritoneal air exposure. METHODS: Male adult rats were administrated saline, low-fat enteral nutrition, or high-fat enteral nutrition via gavage before and after peritoneal air exposure for 3 h. Control rats underwent anesthesia without laparotomy and received saline. Intestinal motility was assessed 24 h after surgery by charcoal transport assay; systemic inflammation was assessed by analyzing serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10; and intestinal inflammation was assessed by analyzing myeloperoxidase activity and concentrations and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 in the intestinal tissue. RESULTS: Peritoneal air exposure decreased intestinal motility significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The systemic and intestinal inflammatory parameters were also much higher in the peritoneal air exposure groups than in the control group. Both low-fat and high-fat enteral nutrition increased intestinal motility and reduced systemic and intestinal inflammatory parameter levels to different degrees. However, high-fat enteral nutrition significantly improved the negative alterations in these biochemical parameters compared with low-fat enteral nutrition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that high-fat enteral nutrition might be able to control intestinal inflammation and improve intestinal motility after peritoneal air exposure. Thus, the perioperative administration of high-fat enteral nutrition may be a promising treatment to enhance the recovery of intestinal motility after surgery.

The Effect of Silencing HIF-1α Gene in BxPC-3 Cell Line on Glycolysis-Related Gene Expression, Cell Growth, Invasion, and Apoptosis.

Hypoxia has been proved to be a typical character of solid tumors. Tumor cells prefer to use glucose through the glycolysis pathway instead of aerobic respiration. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this so-called Warburg effect remains elusive. In the current study, siRNA was synthesized and transfected into BxPC-3 cell line to silence the expression of HIF-1α gene. It was found that hypoxia induced hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) overexpression in BxPC-3 cells, enhanced the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase A, thus facilitating glycolysis and making tumor cells more tolerant to hypoxic stress. The silencing of HIF-1α gene significantly attenuated glycolysis under hypoxic conditions, inhibited the growth and invasion ability of BxPC-3 cells, and enhanced hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis.

PHD3 Stabilizes the Tight Junction Protein Occludin and Protects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function.

Prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) control cellular adaptation to hypoxia. PHDs are found involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the exact role of PHD3, a member of the PHD family, in IBD remains unknown. We show here that PHD3 plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function. We found that genetic ablation of Phd3 in intestinal epithelial cells led to spontaneous colitis in mice. Deletion of PHD3 decreases the level of tight junction protein occludin, leading to a failure of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Further studies indicate that PHD3 stabilizes occludin by preventing the interaction between the E3 ligase Itch and occludin, in a hydroxylase-independent manner. Examination of biopsy of human ulcerative colitis patients indicates that PHD3 is decreased with disease severity, indicating that PHD3 down-regulation is associated with progression of this disease. We show that PHD3 protects intestinal epithelial barrier function and reveal a hydroxylase-independent function of PHD3 in stabilizing occludin. These findings may help open avenues for developing a therapeutic strategy for IBD.

Cost and effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in Chinese ICU patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clinical evidence supports the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched lipid emulsions in place of standard lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition (PN) for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but uptake may be limited by higher costs. We compared clinical and economic outcomes for these two types of lipid emulsion in the Chinese ICU setting. METHODS: We developed a pharmacoeconomic discrete event simulation model, based on efficacy data from an international meta-analysis and patient characteristics, resource consumption, and unit costs from a Chinese institutional setting. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken to assess the effects of uncertainty around input parameters. Model predictive validity was assessed by comparing results with data observed in a patient subset not used in the modeling. RESULTS: The model predicted that omega-3 PUFA-enriched emulsion (Omegaven(®) 10% fish oil emulsion) would dominate standard lipid emulsions, with better clinical outcomes and lower overall health care costs (mean savings ~10,000 RMB), mainly as a result of faster recovery and shorter hospital stay (by ~6.5 days). The external validation process confirmed the reliability of the model predictions. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 PUFA-enriched lipid emulsions improved clinical outcome and decreased overall costs in Chinese ICU patients requiring PN.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor IRE1α in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Essential for Protecting against Colitis.

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have critical roles in maintaining homeostasis of intestinal epithelium. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in intestinal epithelium homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease; however, it remains elusive whether IRE1α, a major sensor of ER stress, is directly involved in these processes. We demonstrate here that genetic ablation of Ire1α in IECs leads to spontaneous colitis in mice. Deletion of IRE1α in IECs results in loss of goblet cells and failure of intestinal epithelial barrier function. IRE1α deficiency induces cell apoptosis through induction of CHOP, the pro-apoptotic protein, and sensitizes cells to lipopolysaccharide, an endotoxin from bacteria. IRE1α deficiency confers upon mice higher susceptibility to chemical-induced colitis. These results suggest that IRE1α functions to maintain the intestinal epithelial homeostasis and plays an important role in defending against inflammation bowel diseases.

Growth of human colon cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by ketogenic diet with or without omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides.

BACKGROUND: Tumors are largely unable to metabolize ketone bodies for energy due to various deficiencies in one or both of the key mitochondrial enzymes, which may provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies that inhibit tumor growth by administration of a ketogenic diet with average protein but low in carbohydrates and high in fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six male BALB/C nude mice were injected subcutaneously with tumor cells of the colon cancer cell line HCT116. The animals were then randomly split into three feeding groups and fed either a ketogenic diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and MCT (MKD group; n=12) or lard only (LKD group; n=12) or a standard diet (SD group; n=12) ad libitum. Experiments were ended upon attainment of the target tumor volume of 600 mm3 to 700 mm3. The three diets were compared for tumor growth and survival time (interval between tumor cell injection and attainment of target tumor volume). RESULTS: The tumor growth in the MKD and LKD groups was significantly delayed compared to that in the SD group. CONCLUSIONS: Application of an unrestricted ketogenic diet delayed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Further studies are needed to address the mechanism of this diet intervention and the impact on other tumor-relevant parameters such as invasion and metastasis.

Lack of effects of HER-2/neu on prognosis in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) for survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still ambiguous. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to evaluate its prognostic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for published literature investigating associations between HER-2/neu status and overall survival of patients with CRC. A meta-analysis was performed using a DerSimonian-Laird model and publication bias was investigated by Begg's and Egger's tests. Subgroup analysis was also conducted according to the study design type, study quality score, cut-off value for HER-2/neu overexpression, publication region, patient number and publication year. RESULTS: A total of 17 eligible studies involving 2,347 patients were identified for this meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-1.79), suggesting that HER-2/neu overexpression was not significantly associated with overall survival of patients with CRC. However, subgroup analysis revealed that HER-2/neu overexpression had an unfavorable impact on survival when the analysis was restricted to subgroups of study quality score ≤ 5 (HR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.17-2.10), Asian patients (HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.22-2.49), patient number ≤ 106 (HR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.01-2.44), publication year before 2003 (HR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.02-2.49), and prospectively designed study (HR=3.62, 95%CI: 1.42-9.24). The effect disappeared in subgroups of study quality scores > 5 (HR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.33-1.44), non Asian patients (HR=1.14, 95%CI: 0.77-1.70), patients' number > 106 (HR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.67-1.72), publication year after 2003 (HR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.76-1.69), and retrospectively designed study (HR=1.22, 95%CI: 0.89-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that HER-2/neu overexpression might not be a significantly prognostic indicator for patients with CRC. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

[Application of immune nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal tumors].

Immune nutrition refers to adding some special nutrients to the standard formula of nutrition in order to treat and regulate metabolism and immune function by its pharmacological effect. In recent years, immune nutrition, including glutamine, arginine, ω-3 PUFA, nucleotide etc, has been widely used in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. These nutrients show their different supporting functions through different mechanisms, and improve the clinical outcome of patients. Therefore, clinical nutrition has been expanded and upgraded from the traditional "nutrition" to "nutritional therapy".

[Proteolysis induce factor in the digestive systematic cancer cachexia patients: its expression and role in cancer cachexia].

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the expression of proteolysis induce factor(PIF) in the gastrointestinal(GI) cancer cachexia patients and evaluate its role in cancer cachexia. METHODS: Examination of PIF was performed in urine samples from 28 GI cancer cachexia patients, 13 GI cancer patients without cachexia, and 12 weight loss patients with benign disease. PIF was added to the mice cultured C2C12 muscle cells, then the protein kinase B(Akt) phosphorylation and morphological change were measured. RESULTS: The positive rate of PIF in urine of 28 cancer cachexia patients was 53.6%(15/28). In the other two groups, no positive result was detected. PIF could successfully induce Akt phosphorylation, cell atrophy, metamorphosis, and death. The peak of this phosphorylation could be detected after half an hour of the initiation of PIF at a concentration of 4 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: PIF is specifically and highly expressed in GI cancer cachexia patients' urine. PIF can induce cancer cachexia possibly by activating Akt phosphorylation and inducing downstream proteolysis.

PAX2 protein induces expression of cyclin D1 through activating AP-1 protein and promotes proliferation of colon cancer cells.

Paired box (PAX) 2, a transcription factor, plays a critical role in embryogenesis. When aberrantly expressed in adult tissues, it generally exhibits oncogenic properties. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We reported previously that the expression of PAX2 was up-regulated in human colon cancers. However, the role of PAX2 in colon cancer cells has yet to be determined. The aim of this study is to determine the function of PAX2 in colon cancer cells and to investigate the possible mechanisms underlain. We find that knockdown of PAX2 inhibits proliferation and xenograft growth of colon cancer cells. Inhibition of PAX2 results in a decreased expression of cyclin D1. Expression of cyclin D1 is found increased in human primary colon malignant tumors, and its expression is associated with that of PAX2. These data indicate that PAX2 is a positive regulator of expression of cyclin D1. We find that knockdown of PAX2 inhibits the activity of AP-1, a transcription factor that induces cyclin D1 expression, implying that PAX2 induces cyclin D1 through AP-1. PAX2 has little effect on expression of AP-1 members including c-Jun, c-Fos, and JunB. Our data show that PAX2 prevents JunB from binding c-Jun and enhances phosphorylation of c-Jun, which may elevate the activity of AP-1. Taken together, these results suggest that PAX2 promotes proliferation of colon cancer cells through AP-1.

Osteopontin as potential biomarker and therapeutic target in gastric and liver cancers.

Gastric cancer and liver cancer are among the most common malignancies and the leading causes of death worldwide, due to late detection and high recurrence rates. Today, these cancers have a heavy socioeconomic burden, for which a full understanding of their pathophysiological features is warranted to search for promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Osteopontin (OPN) is overexpressed in most patients with gastric and liver cancers. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has revealed a correlation of OPN level and clinicopathological features and prognosis in gastric and liver cancers, indicating its potential as an independent prognostic indicator in such patients. Functional studies have verified the potential of OPN knockdown as a therapeutic approach in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, OPN mediates multifaceted roles in the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, in which many details need further exploration. OPN signaling results in various functions, including prevention of apoptosis, modulation of angiogenesis, malfunction of tumor-associated macrophages, degradation of extracellular matrix, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and nuclear factor-κB pathways, which lead to tumor formation and progression, particularly in gastric and liver cancers. This editorial aims to review recent findings on alteration in OPN expression and its clinicopathological associations with tumor progression, its potential as a therapeutic target, and putative mechanisms in gastric and liver cancers. Better understanding of the implications of OPN in tumorigenesis might facilitate development of therapeutic regimens to benefit patients with these deadly malignancies.

Pyruvate kinase type M2 is upregulated in colorectal cancer and promotes proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells.

Pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2) has been reported to be involved in aerobic glycolysis and cell growth in various tumors. However, the expression pattern of PKM2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the correlation between PKM2 expression and CRC remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate PKM2 expression and its possible role in CRC. We found that expression of PKM2 was increased in CRC and the increased PKM2 expression was associated with later stage and lymph metastasis of the tumors. Knockdown of PKM2 suppressed the aerobic glycolysis and decreased lactate production of colon cancer RKO cells. Knockdown of PKM2 repressed proliferation and migration of the cells. Inhibition of PKM2 suppressed xenograft tumor growth of RKO cells in vivo. These results suggest that the expression of PKM2 plays a critical role in development of CRC, and it may provide a growth advantage for colon cancer cells. Thus, PKM2 might be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.

[Application of specific nutrients for patients after surgery].

Special nutritional support containing glutamine, arginine, and omega-3 fatty acids has therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects, and can significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative infectious complications and length of hospital stay in surgical patients. This review provides a clinical update regarding the concept and the use of pharmaconutrition and immunonutrition in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

[Use of fish oil lipid emulsion in patients undergoing major surgery and those with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of fish oil in patients undergoing major surgery and those with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in patients undergoing major surgery and those with SIRS on admission in the Zhongshan Hospital from January 2008 to December 2011. Fish oil group was enrolled and matched to control group by 1:2 for gender, age, diagnosis, and surgical procedure. There were 220 pairs of patients who were not admitted to ICU, 102 pairs of patients admitted to ICU, and 66 pairs of patients with SIRS. The clinical outcomes and costs were measured and cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The clinical outcomes and costs showed no significant difference between the fish oil group and the control group in those patients who were not admitted to ICU(P>0.05). Fish oil fat emulsion supplementation significantly reduced the length of total hospital stay, postoperative hospital stay, ICU stay, re-operation rate, infection rates, perioperative mortality in patients admitted to ICU and those with SIRS(P<0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratio of non-reoperation rate, non-infection rate, and survival rate were lower in those patients receiving fish oil fat emulsion as compared with those without fish oil administration. Fish oil fat emulsion supplementation could reduce cost-effectiveness ratios of non-reoperation rate, non-infection rate and survival rate by 105 RMB, 160 RMB, and 89 RMB respectively in major surgical patients who admitted to ICU, and by 670 RMB, 280 RMB, and 220 RMB respectively in SIRS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of fish oil fat emulsion to clinical nutrition may have positive effects on critically ill patients. It seems that the effects of fish oil fat are strongly related to the severity of patient's underlying disease. Fish oil fat emulsion supplementation shows acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio and pharmacoeconomic value.